Last reviewed: 6 Feb 2021
Last updated: 31 Dec 2019
Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- coccyx pain
- coccygeal tenderness
- spasm of pelvic floor musculature
- relief of symptoms after corticosteroid injection
Diagnostic investigations
1st investigations to order
- lateral sacrococcygeal x-ray
- dynamic lateral sacrococcygeal x-rays
Investigations to consider
- MRI lumbosacral spine with contrast
- CT lumbosacral spine
- WBC count
- erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Treatment algorithm
Contributors
Authors

Neurosurgeon
Sutter Medical Group
Sacramento
CA
Disclosures
RJS declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Specialist Registrar
Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic and District Hospital
Oswestry
UK
Disclosures
BB is the author of some studies referenced in this topic.
Professor of Orthopedics
Brodsky Chair of Spinal Surgery
Baylor College of Medicine
Houston
TX
Disclosures
SE is the author of a study referenced in this topic.
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