Kaposi sarcoma

References

Key articles

National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Kaposi sarcoma [internet publication].Full text

Lebbe C, Garbe C, Stratigos AJ, et al; European Dermatology Forum (EDF), the European Association of Dermato-Oncology (EADO), and the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). Diagnosis and treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma: European consensus-based interdisciplinary guideline (EDF/EADO/EORTC). Eur J Cancer. 2019 Jun;114:117-27. Abstract

National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Panel on Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents with HIV. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV. 2024 [internet publication].Full text

National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. US Department of Health and Human Services Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in adults and adolescents with HIV. 2024 [internet publication].Full text

World Health Organization. Guidelines on the treatment of skin and oral HIV-associated conditions in children and adults. Jan 2014 [internet publication].Full text

Reference articles

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2. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Kaposi sarcoma [internet publication].Full text

3. Lebbe C, Garbe C, Stratigos AJ, et al; European Dermatology Forum (EDF), the European Association of Dermato-Oncology (EADO), and the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). Diagnosis and treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma: European consensus-based interdisciplinary guideline (EDF/EADO/EORTC). Eur J Cancer. 2019 Jun;114:117-27. Abstract

4. Cesarman E, Damania B, Krown SE, et al. Kaposi sarcoma. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019 Jan 31;5(1):9.Full text  Abstract

5. Esser S, Schöfer H, Hoffmann C, et al. S1 guidelines for the Kaposi sarcoma. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2022 Jun;20(6):892-904.Full text  Abstract

6. Ragi SD, Moseley I, Ouellette S, et al. Epidemiology and survival of Kaposi's sarcoma by race in the United States: a surveillance, epidemiology, and end results database analysis. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2022;15:1681-5.Full text  Abstract

7. Fu L, Tian T, Wang B, et al. Global patterns and trends in Kaposi sarcoma incidence: a population-based study. Lancet Glob Health. 2023 Oct;11(10):e1566-75.Full text  Abstract

8. Suk R, White DL, Knights S, et al. Incidence trends of Kaposi sarcoma among young non-Hispanic black men by US regions, 2001-2018. JNCI Cancer Spectr. 2022 Nov 1;6(6):pkac078.Full text  Abstract

9. World Health Organization. Global Cancer Observatory: Kaposi sarcoma​. 2022 [internet publication].Full text

10. Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2024 May-Jun;74(3):229-63.Full text  Abstract

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12. Peprah S, Engels EA, Horner MJ, et al. Kaposi sarcoma incidence, burden, and prevalence in United States people with HIV, 2000-2015. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2021 Sep;30(9):1627-33.Full text  Abstract

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14. Motlhale M, Sitas F, Bradshaw D, et al. Epidemiology of Kaposi's sarcoma in sub-Saharan Africa. Cancer Epidemiol. 2022 Jun;78:102167.Full text  Abstract

15. Geddes M, Franceschi S, Barchielli A, et al. Kaposi's sarcoma in Italy before and after the AIDS epidemic. Br J Cancer. 1994 Feb;69(2):333-6. Abstract

16. Guttman-Yassky E, Bar-Chana M, Yukelson A, et al. Epidemiology of classic Kaposi's sarcoma in the Israeli Jewish population between 1960 and 1998. Br J Cancer. 2003 Nov 3;89(9):1657-60.Full text  Abstract

17. Moosa MR. Kaposi's sarcoma in kidney transplant recipients: a 23-year experience. QJM. 2005 Mar;98(3):205-14.Full text  Abstract

18. Serlin T, Ben Gal T, Kramer MR, et al. Trends in Kaposi's sarcoma morbidity: a retrospective cohort study of heart and lung transplant recipients. Acta Derm Venereol. 2021 Aug 25;101(8):adv00528.Full text  Abstract

19. Cahoon EK, Linet MS, Clarke CA, et al. Risk of Kaposi sarcoma after solid organ transplantation in the United States. Int J Cancer. 2018 Dec 1;143(11):2741-8.Full text  Abstract

20. Mbulaiteye SM, Engels EA. Kaposi's sarcoma risk among transplant recipients in the United States (1993-2003). Int J Cancer. 2006 Dec 1;119(11):2685-91.Full text  Abstract

21. Cook-Mozaffari P, Newton R, Beral V, et al. The geographical distribution of Kaposi's sarcoma and of lymphomas in Africa before the AIDS epidemic. Br J Cancer. 1998 Dec;78(11):1521-8. Abstract

22. Douglas JL, Gustin JK, Dezub BJ, et al. Kaposi's sarcoma: a model of both malignancy and chronic inflammation. Panminerva Medica. 2007 Sep;49(3):119-38. Abstract

23. Pantanowitz L, Früh K, Marconi S, et al. Pathology of rituximab-induced Kaposi sarcoma flare. BMC Clin Pathol. 2008 Jul 23;8:7.Full text  Abstract

24. Poizot-Martin I, Brégigeon S, Palich R, et al. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome associated Kaposi sarcoma. Cancers (Basel). 2022 Feb 16;14(4):986.Full text  Abstract

25. Chabria S, Barakat L, Ogbuagu O. Steroid-exacerbated HIV-associated cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: 'Where a good intention turns bad'. Int J STD AIDS. 2016 Oct;27(11):1026-9. Abstract

26. Sullivan RJ, Pantanowitz L, Casper C, et al. HIV/AIDS: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus disease: Kaposi sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Nov 1;47(9):1209-15.Full text  Abstract

27. Gallafent JH, Buskin SE, De Turk PB, et al. Profile of patients with Kaposi's sarcoma in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Feb 20;23(6):1253-60.Full text  Abstract

28. Chao C, Jacobson LP, Jenkins FJ, et al. Recreational drug use and risk of Kaposi's sarcoma in HIV- and HHV-8-coinfected homosexual men. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2009 Feb;25(2):149-56.Full text  Abstract

29. Hiatt KM, Nelson AM, Lichy JH, et al. Classic Kaposi sarcoma in the United States over the last two decades: a clinicopathologic and molecular study of 438 non-HIV-related Kaposi sarcoma patients with comparison to HIV-related Kaposi sarcoma. Mod Pathol. 2008 May;21(5):572-82.Full text  Abstract

30. Li Y, Zhang X, Zhang Y, et al. Seroprevalence and risk factors for Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus among men who have sex with men in Shanghai, China. BMC Infect Dis. 2023 Jan 31;23(1):59.Full text  Abstract

31. Denis D, Seta V, Regnier-Rosencher E, et al. A fifth subtype of Kaposi's sarcoma, classic Kaposi's sarcoma in men who have sex with men: a cohort study in Paris. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2018 Aug;32(8):1377-84. Abstract

32. Lanternier F, Lebbé C, Schartz N, et al. Kaposi's sarcoma in HIV-negative men having sex with men. AIDS. 2008 Jun 19;22(10):1163-8.Full text  Abstract

33. Mularoni A, Mikulska M, Giannella M, et al. International survey of human herpes virus 8 screening and management in solid organ transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis. 2021 Oct;23(5):e13698. Abstract

34. National Cancer Institute. Cancer causes and prevention: infectious agents. Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). Mar 2019 [internet publication].Full text

35. National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Panel on Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents with HIV. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV. 2024 [internet publication].Full text

36. Radu O, Pantanowitz L. Kaposi sarcoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2013 Feb;137(2):289-94.Full text  Abstract

37. Jary A, Veyri M, Gothland A, et al. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, the etiological agent of all epidemiological forms of Kaposi's sarcoma. Cancers (Basel). 2021 Dec 9;13(24):6208.Full text  Abstract

38. Rosado FG, Itani DM, Coffin CM, et al. Utility of immunohistochemical staining with FLI1, D2-40, CD31, and CD34 in the diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related and non-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related Kaposi sarcoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2012 Mar;136(3):301-4.Full text  Abstract

39. Pitchenik AE, Fischl MA, Saldana MJ. Kaposi's sarcoma of the tracheobronchial tree. Clinical, bronchoscopic, and pathologic features. Chest. 1985 Jan;87(1):122-4. Abstract

40. Zibrak JD, Silvestri RC, Costello P, et al. Bronchoscopic and radiologic features of Kaposi's sarcoma involving the respiratory system. Chest. 1986 Oct;90(4):476-9. Abstract

41. Kodra A, Walczyszyn M, Grossman C, et al. Case report: pulmonary Kaposi sarcoma in a non-HIV patient. F1000Res. 2015 Oct 7;4:1013.Full text  Abstract

42. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Castleman disease [internet publication].Full text

43. Caponetti G, Dezube BJ, Restrepo C, et al. Kaposi sarcoma of the musculoskeletal system: a review of 66 patients. Cancer. 2007 Mar 15;109(6):1040-52.Full text  Abstract

44. Alves CGB, Assis MS, Maciel ADS, et al. Clinical and laboratory profile of people living with HIV/AIDS with oral Kaposi sarcoma. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2021 Nov;37(11):870-7. Abstract

45. Moosazadeh M, Shafaroudi AM, Gorji NE, et al. Prevalence of oral lesions in patients with AIDS: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Evid Based Dent. 17 Nov 2021 [Epub ahead of print]. Abstract

46. Morooka M, Ito K, Kubota K, et al. Whole-body 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography images before and after chemotherapy for Kaposi sarcoma and highly active antiretrovirus therapy. Jpn J Radiol. 2010 Dec;28(10):759-62. Abstract

47. Pantanowitz L, Dezube BJ, Pinkus GS, et al. Histological characterization of regression in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related Kaposi's sarcoma. J Cutan Pathol. 2006 Apr;16(4):194-5. Abstract

48. Purgina B, Rao UN, Miettinen M, et al. AIDS-related EBV-associated smooth muscle tumors: a review of 64 published cases. Patholog Res Int. 2011 Mar 10;2011:561548.Full text  Abstract

49. Krown SE, Metroka C, Wernz JC. Kaposi's sarcoma in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome: a proposal for uniform evaluation, response, and staging criteria. J Clin Oncol. 1989 Sep;7(9):1201-7. Abstract

50. Krown SE, Testa MA, Huang J. AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma: prospective validation of the AIDS Clinical Trials Group staging classification. AIDS Clinical Trials Group Oncology Committee. J Clin Oncol. 1997 Sep;15(9):3085-92. Abstract

51. Nasti G, Talamini R, Antinori A, et al. AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma: evaluation of potential new prognostic factors and assessment of the AIDS clinical trial group staging system in the HAART era - the Italian Cooperative Group on AIDS and Tumors and the Italian Cohort of Patients Naïve From Antiretrovirals. J Clin Oncol. 2003 Aug 1;21(15):2876-82. Abstract

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53. Brambilla L, Boneschi V, Taglioni M, et al. Staging of classic Kaposi's sarcoma: a useful tool for therapeutic choices. Eur J Dermatol. 2003 Jan-Feb;13(1):83-6. Abstract

54. Caccialanza M, Marca S, Piccinno R, et al. Radiotherapy of classic and human immunodeficiency virus-related Kaposi's sarcoma: results in 1482 lesions. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2008 Mar;22(3):297-302. Abstract

55. Fortino S, Santoro M, Iuliano E, et al. Treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) with nab-paclitaxel. Paper presented at: XVIII National Congress of Medical Oncology. 28-30 Oct 2016. Rome, Italy. Session S: miscellanea. Abstract S63. Ann Oncol. 2016 Sep;27(Suppl 4):iv124.Full text

56. National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. US Department of Health and Human Services Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in adults and adolescents with HIV. 2024 [internet publication].Full text

57. World Health Organization. Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection: recommendations for a public health approach - second edition, 2016. Jun 2016 [internet publication].Full text

58. Mateo-Urdiales A, Johnson S, Smith R, et al. Rapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy for people living with HIV. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jun 17;6(6):CD012962.Full text  Abstract

59. World Health Organization. ​Guidelines for mnaging advanced HIV disease and rapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017.Full text  Abstract

60. Gbabe OF, Okwundu CI, Dedicoat M, et al. Treatment of severe or progressive Kaposi's sarcoma in HIV-infected adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Sep 1;(9):CD003256.Full text  Abstract

61. Shepherd FA, Maher E, Cardella C, et al. Treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma after solid organ transplantation. J Clin Oncol. 1997 Jun;15(6):2371-7. Abstract

62. Polizzotto MN, Uldrick TS, Wyvill KM, et al. Pomalidomide for symptomatic Kaposi's sarcoma in people with and without HIV infection: a phase I/II study. J Clin Oncol. 2016 Dec;34(34):4125-31.Full text  Abstract

63. Ramaswami R, Polizzotto MN, Lurain K, et al. Safety, activity, and long-term outcomes of pomalidomide in the treatment of Kaposi sarcoma among individuals with or without HIV infection. Clin Cancer Res. 2022 Mar 1;28(5):840-50.Full text  Abstract

64. Reid EG, Suazo A, Lensing SY, et al; AIDS Malignancy Consortium (AMC). Pilot trial AMC-063: safety and efficacy of bortezomib in AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2020 Feb 1;26(3):558-65.Full text  Abstract

65. Pourcher V, Desnoyer A, Assoumou L, et al. Phase II trial of lenalidomide in HIV-infected patients with previously treated Kaposi's sarcoma: results of the ANRS 154 Lenakap Trial. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2017 Jan;33(1):1-10. Abstract

66. Reid EG, Shimabukuro K, Moore P, et al. AMC-070: Lenalidomide is safe and effective in HIV-associated Kaposi sarcoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2022 Jun 13;28(12):2646-56.Full text  Abstract

67. Strother RM, Gregory KM, Pastakia SD, et al. Retrospective analysis of the efficacy of gemcitabine for previously treated AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma in western Kenya. Oncology. 2010;78(1):5-11.Full text  Abstract

68. Nasti G, Errante D, Talamini R, et al. Vinorelbine is an effective and safe drug for AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma: results of a phase II study. J Clin Oncol. 2000 Apr;18(7):1550-7. Abstract

69. Schwartsmann G, Sprinz E, Kromfield M, et al. Clinical and pharmacokinetic study of oral etoposide in patients with AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma with no prior exposure to cytotoxic therapy. J Clin Oncol. 1997 May;15(5):2118-24. Abstract

70. Tas F, Sen F, Keskin S, et al. Oral etoposide as first-line therapy in the treatment of patients with advanced classic Kaposi's sarcoma (CKS): a single-arm trial (oral etoposide in CKS). J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2013 Jun;27(6):789-92. Abstract

71. Hosseinipour MC, Kang M, Krown SE, et al; A5264/AMC-067 REACT-KS Team. As-needed vs immediate etoposide chemotherapy in combination with antiretroviral therapy for mild-to-moderate AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma in resource-limited settings: A5264/AMC-067 Randomized Clinical Trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2018 Jul 2;67(2):251-60.Full text  Abstract

72. Wang X, Bao Z, Zhang X, et al. Effectiveness and safety of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in the treatment of solid tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncotarget. 2017 May 31;8(35):59901-14.Full text  Abstract

73. Delyon J, Biard L, Renaud M, et al. PD-1 blockade with pembrolizumab in classic or endemic Kaposi's sarcoma: a multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2022 Apr;23(4):491-500. Abstract

74. Zer A, Icht O, Yosef L, et al. Phase II single-arm study of nivolumab and ipilimumab (Nivo/Ipi) in previously treated classical Kaposi sarcoma (cKS). Ann Oncol. 2022 Jul;33(7):720-7. Abstract

75. Koon HB, Krown SE, Lee JY, et al. Phase II trial of imatinib in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma: AIDS Malignancy Consortium Protocol 042. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Feb 10;32(5):402-8.Full text  Abstract

76. Ferioli M, Galuppi A, Buwenge M, et al. Electrochemotherapy in Kaposi sarcoma: A systematic review. Mol Clin Oncol. 2021 Apr;14(4):64.Full text  Abstract

77. ClinicalTrials.gov. sEphB4-HSA in treating patients with Kaposi sarcoma. NCT02799485. Jun 2022 [internet publication].Full text

78. ClinicalTrials.gov. Nelfinavir mesylate in treating patients with Kaposi sarcoma. NCT03077451. Sep 2022 [internet publication].Full text

79. National Cancer Institute. Kaposi sarcoma treatment (PDQ). Dec 2024 [internet publication].Full text

80. World Health Organization. Guidelines on the treatment of skin and oral HIV-associated conditions in children and adults. Jan 2014 [internet publication].Full text

81. Lacouture ME, Sibaud V, Gerber PA, et al. Prevention and management of dermatological toxicities related to anticancer agents: ESMO clinical practice guidelines. Ann Oncol. 2021 Feb;32(2):157-70.Full text  Abstract

82. American Cancer Society. Survival rates for Kaposi sarcoma. Mar 2023 [internet publication].Full text

83. De Boer C, Niyonzima N, Orem J, et al. Prognosis and delay of diagnosis among Kaposi's sarcoma patients in Uganda: a cross-sectional study. Infect Agent Cancer. 2014 May 20;9:17.Full text  Abstract

84. Feller L, Masipa J, Wood N, et al. The prognostic significance of facial lymphoedema in HIV-seropositive subjects with Kaposi sarcoma. AIDS Res Ther. 2008 Jan 29;5:2.Full text  Abstract

85. Pantanowitz L, Dezube BJ. AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma of the larynx. AIDS Read. 2006 Apr;16(4):194-5. Abstract

86. Bower M, Nelson M, Young AM, et al. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome associated with Kaposi's sarcoma. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Aug 1;23(22):5224-8.Full text  Abstract

87. Dumic I, Radovanovic M, Igandan O, et al. A fatal case of Kaposi sarcoma immune reconstitution syndrome (KS-IRIS) complicated by Kaposi sarcoma inflammatory cytokine syndrome (KICS) or multicentric Castleman disease (MCD): a case report and review. Am J Case Rep. 2020 Dec 3;21:e926433.Full text  Abstract

88. Clinical Guidelines Program. ​Management of IRIS. Mar 2024 [internet publication].Full text

89. Fernández-Sánchez M, Iglesias MC, Ablanedo-Terrazas Y, et al. Steroids are a risk factor for Kaposi's sarcoma-immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome and mortality in HIV infection. AIDS. 2016 Mar 27;30(6):909-14.Full text  Abstract

90. Volkow PF, Cornejo P, Zinser JW, et al. Life-threatening exacerbation of Kaposi's sarcoma after prednisone treatment for immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. AIDS. 2008 Mar 12;22(5):663-5.Full text  Abstract

91. Polizzotto MN, Uldrick TS, Wyvill KM, et al. Clinical features and outcomes of patients with symptomatic Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV)-associated inflammation: prospective characterization of KSHV inflammatory cytokine syndrome (KICS). Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Mar 15;62(6):730-8.Full text  Abstract

92. Karass M, Grossniklaus E, Seoud T, et al. Kaposi sarcoma inflammatory cytokine syndrome (KICS): a rare but potentially treatable condition. Oncologist. 2017 May;22(5):623-5.Full text  Abstract

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