Summary
Differentials
Common
- Chemotherapy
- Radiation therapy
- Vitamin B12 deficiency
- Folic acid deficiency
- Bone marrow infiltration by nonhematologic malignancy
- Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
- Hairy cell leukemia
- Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
- Myelodysplasia
- Cirrhosis
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- Autoimmune hepatitis
- HIV
- Cytomegalovirus infection
- Mycobacterial infection
Uncommon
- Acute myeloid leukemia
- Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
- Multiple myeloma
- Myelofibrosis
- Lysosomal storage disorders
- Anorexia nervosa
- Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)
- Heavy metal (arsenic) poisoning
- Parvovirus infection in sickle cell anemia (and other hemolytic anemias)
- Dyskeratosis congenita (DC)
- Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)
- Idiopathic aplastic anemia
- Fanconi anemia
- Other rare inherited cytopenias (e.g., Diamond Blackfan anemia, Shwachman Diamond syndrome, amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia)
- Idiopathic portal hypertension
- Chronic myeloid leukemia
- Brucellosis
- Leishmaniasis
- Hemophagocytosis syndromes
- Drug-induced immune pancytopenia
- Evans syndrome with associated neutropenia
- Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS)
- Systemic lupus erythematosus
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Infectious mononucleosis
- Felty syndrome
Contributors
Authors
Jeffrey M. Lipton, MD, PhD
Frances and Thomas Gambino Professor of Pediatrics in Hematology/Oncology
Professor of Pediatrics and Molecular Medicine
Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell
Professor, The Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases
Feinstein Institute for Medical Research
Director, Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation
Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York
Hyde Park
New York
Disclosures
JML has been reimbursed by Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A as a consultant.
Acknowledgements
Dr Jeffrey M. Lipton would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Jeff K. Davies and Dr Eva C. Guinan, the previous contributors to this topic.
Disclosures
JKD and ECG declare that they have no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Stella Davies, MD, PhD
Professor and Division Director
Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
Cincinnati
OH
Disclosures
SD declares that she has no competing interests.
Drew Provan, BSc, MBChB
Consultant Hematologist
Department of Hematology
The Royal London Hospital
London
UK
Disclosures
DP was medical director at GlaxoSmithKline 2005-2006.
Alfred P. Gillio, MD
Director
Bone Marrow Failure Clinic
Tomorrows Children's Institute
Hackensack University Medical Center
Hackensack
NJ
Disclosures
APG declares that he has no competing interests.
References
Key articles
Kulasekararaj A, Cavenagh J, Dokal I, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of adult aplastic anaemia: a British Society for Haematology guideline. Br J Haematol. 2024 Mar;204(3):784-804.Full text Abstract
Williams DA, Bennett C, Bertuch A, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of pediatric acquired aplastic anemia (AAA): an initial survey of the North American Pediatric Aplastic Anemia Consortium (NAPAAC). Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2014 May;61(5):869-74.Full text Abstract
Khoury JD, Solary E, Abla O, et al. The 5th edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Haematolymphoid Tumours: myeloid and histiocytic/dendritic neoplasms. Leukemia. 2022 Jul;36(7):1703-19.Full text Abstract
Reference articles
A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
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