Acne vulgaris

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acne vulgaris: management. Dec 2023 [internet publication].Full text

​Reynolds RV, Yeung H, Cheng CE, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of acne vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2024 May;90(5):1006.e1-30.Full text  Abstract

Thiboutot DM, Dréno B, Abanmi A, et al. Practical management of acne for clinicians: an international consensus from the Global Alliance to Improve Outcomes in Acne. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018 Feb;78(2 suppl 1):S1-23;e1. Abstract

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2. Samuels DV, Rosenthal R, Lin R, et al. Acne vulgaris and risk of depression and anxiety: a meta-analytic review. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020 Aug;83(2):532-41. Abstract

3. White GM. Recent findings in the epidemiologic evidence, classification, and subtypes of acne vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998 Aug;39(2 Pt 3):S34-7. Abstract

4. US Food and Drug Administration. Acne vulgaris: establishing effectiveness of drugs intended for treatment. May 2018 [internet publication].Full text

5. Burke BM, Cunliffe WJ. The assessment of acne vulgaris - the Leeds technique. Br J Dermatol. 1984 Jul;111(1):83-92. Abstract

6. Screening and management of the hyperandrogenic adolescent: ACOG committee opinion, number 789. Obstet Gynecol. 2019 Oct;134(4):e106-14.Full text  Abstract

7. Jansen T, Plewig G. Acne fulminans. Int J Dermatol. 1998 Apr;37(4):254-7. Abstract

8. Mills OH, Kligman A. Acne mechanica. Arch Dermatol. 1975 Apr;111(4):481-3. Abstract

9. Saurat JH, Halioua B, Baissac C, et al. Epidemiology of acne and rosacea: a worldwide global study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2024 May;90(5):1016-8.Full text  Abstract

10. Eichenfield DZ, Sprague J, Eichenfield LF. Management of acne vulgaris: a review. JAMA. 2021 Nov 23;326(20):2055-67. Abstract

11. Zhu Z, Zhong X, Luo Z, et al. Global, regional, and national burdens of acne vulgaris in adolescents and young adults aged 10-24 years from 1990 to 2021: a trend analysis. Br J Dermatol. 2024 Sep 13;ljae352. Abstract

12. Wilkins JW, Voorhees JJ. Prevalence of nodulocystic acne in white and Negro males. Arch Dermatol. 1970 Dec;102(6):631-4. Abstract

13. Tan JK, Bhate K. A global perspective on the epidemiology of acne. Br J Dermatol. 2015 Jul;172(1):3-12. Abstract

14. Gollnick HP, Zouboulis CC, Akamatsu H. Pathogenesis and pathogenesis related treatment of acne. J Dermatol. 1991 Sep;18(9):489-99. Abstract

15. Cunliffe WJ, Holland DB, Clark SM, et al. Comedogenesis: some new aetiological, clinical, and therapeutic strategies. Dermatology. 2003;206(1):11-6. Abstract

16. Corvec S, Dagnelie MA, Khammari A, et al. Taxonomy and phylogeny of cutibacterium (formerly propionibacterium) acnes in inflammatory skin diseases. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2019 Jan;146(1):26-30. Abstract

17. Leyden JJ, McGinley KJ, Mills OH, et al. Propionibacterium levels in patients with and without acne vulgaris. J Invest Dermatol. 1975 Oct;65(4):382-4. Abstract

18. Radi R, Gold S, Acosta JP, et al. Treating acne in transgender persons receiving testosterone: a practical guide. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2022 Mar;23(2):219-29.Full text  Abstract

19. Zaenglein AL. Acne vulgaris. N Engl J Med. 2018 Oct 4;379(14):1343-52.

20. Walton S, Wyatt EH, Cunliffe WJ. Genetic control of sebum excretion in acne - a twin study. Br J Dermatol. 1988 Mar;118(3):393-6. Abstract

21. Bataille V, Snieder H, MacGregor AJ, et al. The influence of genetics and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of acne: a twin study of acne in women. J Invest Dermatol. 2002 Dec;119(6):1317-22. Abstract

22. Common JEA, Barker JN, van Steensel MAM. What does acne genetics teach us about disease pathogenesis? Br J Dermatol. 2019 Oct;181(4):665-676.Full text  Abstract

23. Petridis C, Navarini AA, Dand N, et al. Genome-wide meta-analysis implicates mediators of hair follicle development and morphogenesis in risk for severe acne. Nat Commun. 2018 Dec 12;9(1):5075.Full text  Abstract

24. Dréno B. What is new in the pathophysiology of acne, an overview. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017 Sep;31 (suppl 5):8-12.Full text  Abstract

25. Dai R, Hua W, Chen W, et al. The effect of milk consumption on acne: a meta-analysis of observational studies. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2018 Dec;32(12):2244-53. Abstract

26. Aghasi M, Golzarand M, Shab-Bidar S, et al. Dairy intake and acne development: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Clin Nutr. 2019 Jun;38(3):1067-75. Abstract

27. Penso L, Touvier M, Deschasaux M, et al. Association between adult acne and dietary behaviors: findings from the NutriNet-Santé prospective cohort study. JAMA Dermatol. 2020 Aug 1;156(8):854-62.Full text  Abstract

28. Kwon HH, Yoon JY, Hong JS, et al. Clinical and histological effect of a low glycaemic load diet in treatment of acne vulgaris in Korean patients: a randomized, controlled trial. Acta Derm Venereol. 2012 May;92(3):241-6.Full text  Abstract

29. Smith R, Mann N, Mäkeläinen H, et al. A pilot study to determine the short-term effects of a low glycemic load diet on hormonal markers of acne: a nonrandomized, parallel, controlled feeding trial. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2008 Jun;52(6):718-26. Abstract

30. Smith RN, Braue A, Varigos GA, et al. The effect of a low glycemic load diet on acne vulgaris and the fatty acid composition of skin surface triglycerides. J Dermatol Sci. 2008 Apr;50(1):41-52. Abstract

31. Juhl CR, Bergholdt HKM, Miller IM, et al. Dairy intake and acne vulgaris: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 78,529 children, adolescents, and young adults. Nutrients. 2018 Aug 9;10(8):1049.Full text  Abstract

32. Aizawa H, Niimura M. Elevated serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels in women with postadolescent acne. J Dermatol. 1995 Apr;22(4):249-52. Abstract

33. Yamamoto O, Tokura Y. Photocontact dermatitis and chloracne: two major occupational and environmental skin diseases induced by different actions of halogenated chemicals. J Dermatol Sci. 2003 Aug;32(2):85-94. Abstract

34. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acne vulgaris: management. Dec 2023 [internet publication].Full text

35. European Dermatology Forum. EDF guidelines and consensus statements​. 2016 [internet publication].Full text

36. ​Reynolds RV, Yeung H, Cheng CE, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of acne vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2024 May;90(5):1006.e1-30.Full text  Abstract

37. Maranda EL, Simmons BJ, Nguyen AH, et al. Treatment of acne keloidalis nuchae: a systematic review of the literature. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2016 Sep;6(3):363-78.Full text  Abstract

38. Khumalo NP, Jessop S, Ehrlich R. Prevalence of cutaneous adverse effects of hairdressing. Arch Dermatol. 2006 Mar;142(3):377-83. Abstract

39. Rosas Vazquez E, Campos Macias P, Ochoa Tirado JG, et al. Chloracne in the 1990s. Int J Dermatol. 1996 Sep;35(9):643-5. Abstract

40. Lewis KG, Bercovitch L, Dill SW, et al. Acquired disorders of elastic tissue: Part I. increased elastic tissue and solar elasotic syndromes. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004 Jul;51(1):1-21;quiz 22-4. Abstract

41. Sehgal VN, Srivastava G, Aggarwal AK, et al. Lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei part II: an overview. Skinmed. 2005 Jul-Aug;4(4):234-8. Abstract

42. Hengge UR, Ruzicka T, Schwartz RA, et al. Adverse effects of topical glucocorticosteroids. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006 Jan;54(1):1-15;quiz 16-8. Abstract

43. Plewig G, Jansen T, Kligman AM. Pyoderma faciale. A review and report of 20 additional cases: is it rosacea? Arch Dermatol. 1992 Dec;128(12):1611-7. Abstract

44. Schwartz RA, Fernandez G, Kotulska K, et al. Tuberous sclerosis complex: advances in diagnosis, genetics, and management. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007 Aug;57(2):189-202. Abstract

45. Thiboutot DM, Dréno B, Abanmi A, et al. Practical management of acne for clinicians: an international consensus from the Global Alliance to Improve Outcomes in Acne. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018 Feb;78(2 suppl 1):S1-23;e1. Abstract

46. Yang Z, Zhang Y, Lazic Mosler E, et al. Topical benzoyl peroxide for acne. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Mar 16;3:CD011154.Full text  Abstract

47. Kawashima M, Harada S, Loesche C, et al. Adapalene gel 0.1% is effective and safe for Japanese patients with acne vulgaris: a randomized, multicenter, investigator-blinded, controlled study. J Dermatol Sci. 2008 Mar;49(3):241-8. Abstract

48. Tan J, Thiboutot D, Popp G, et al. Randomized phase 3 evaluation of trifarotene 50 μg/g cream treatment of moderate facial and truncal acne. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019 Jun;80(6):1691-9.Full text  Abstract

49. Bell KA, Brumfiel CM, Haidari W, et al. Trifarotene for the treatment of facial and truncal acne. Ann Pharmacother. 2021 Jan;55(1):111-6.Full text  Abstract

50. Kolli SS, Pecone D, Pona A, et al. Topical retinoids in acne vulgaris: a systematic review. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2019 Jun;20(3):345-65. Abstract

51. Cunliffe WJ, Poncet M, Loesche C, et al. A comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of adapalene 0.1% gel versus tretinoin 0.025% gel in patients with acne vulgaris: a meta-analysis of five randomized trials. Br J Dermatol. 1998 Oct;139 Suppl 52:48-56. Abstract

52. Hebert A, Thiboutot D, Stein Gold L, et al. Efficacy and safety of topical clascoterone cream, 1%, for treatment in patients with facial acne: two phase 3 randomized clinical trials. JAMA Dermatol. 2020 Jun 1;156(6):621-30.Full text  Abstract

53. Graupe K, Cunliffe W, Gollnick H, et al. Efficacy and safety of topical azelaic acid (20% cream): an overview of results from European clinical trials and experimental reports. Cutis. 1996 Jan;57(1 suppl):20-35. Abstract

54. Shalita AR. Treatment of mild and moderate acne vulgaris with salicylic acid in an alcohol-detergent vehicle. Cutis. 1981 Nov;28(5):556-8;561. Abstract

55. Liu H, Yu H, Xia J, et al. Topical azelaic acid, salicylic acid, nicotinamide, sulphur, zinc and fruit acid (alpha-hydroxy acid) for acne. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 May 1;5:CD011368.Full text  Abstract

56. Walsh TR, Efthimiou J, Dreno B. Systematic review of antibiotic resistance in acne: an increasing topical and oral threat. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016 Mar;16(3):e23-33. Abstract

57. Ochsendorf F. Systemic antibiotic therapy of acne vulgaris [in German]. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2010 Mar;8(suppl 1):S31-46. Abstract

58. Barbieri JS. Temporal trends in the use of systemic medications for acne from 2017 to 2020. JAMA Dermatol. 2023 Oct 1;159(10):1135-6.

59. Fraison E, Kostova E, Moran LJ, et al. Metformin versus the combined oral contraceptive pill for hirsutism, acne, and menstrual pattern in polycystic ovary syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Aug 13;8:CD005552.Full text  Abstract

60. Zouboulis CC, Rabe T. Hormonal antiandrogens in acne treatment [in German]. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2010 Mar;8(suppl 1):S60-74. Abstract

61. Barbieri JS, Choi JK, Mitra N, et al. Frequency of treatment switching for spironolactone compared to oral tetracycline-class antibiotics for women with acne: a retrospective cohort study 2010-2016. J Drugs Dermatol. 2018 Jun 1;17(6):632-8. Abstract

62. Santer M, Lawrence M, Renz S, et al. Effectiveness of spironolactone for women with acne vulgaris (SAFA) in England and Wales: pragmatic, multicentre, phase 3, double blind, randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2023 May 16;381:e074349.Full text  Abstract

63. Patiyasikunt M, Chancheewa B, Asawanonda P, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of low-dose spironolactone and topical benzoyl peroxide in adult female acne: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Dermatol. 2020 Dec;47(12):1411-6. Abstract

64. Muhlemann MF, Carter GD, Cream JJ, et al. Oral spironolactone: an effective treatment for acne vulgaris in women. Br J Dermatol. 1986 Aug;115(2):227-32. Abstract

65. Levine RM, Rasmussen JE. Intralesional corticosteroids in the treatment of nodulocystic acne. Arch Dermatol. 1983 Jun;119(6):480-1. Abstract

66. Gallagher T, Taliercio M, Nia JK, et al. Dermatologist use of intralesional triamcinolone in the treatment of acne. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2020 Dec;13(12):41-3.Full text  Abstract

67. Costa CS, Bagatin E, Martimbianco ALC, et al. Oral isotretinoin for acne. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Nov 24;11:CD009435.Full text  Abstract

68. Huang CY, Chang IJ, Bolick N, et al. Comparative efficacy of pharmacological treatments for acne vulgaris: a network meta-analysis of 221 randomized controlled trials. Ann Fam Med. 2023 Jul-Aug;21(4):358-69.Full text  Abstract

69. Rademaker M. Isotretinoin: dose, duration and relapse. What does 30 years of usage tell us? Australas J Dermatol. 2013 Aug;54(3):157-62. Abstract

70. Rademaker M. Making sense of the effects of the cumulative dose of isotretinoin in acne vulgaris. Int J Dermatol. 2016 May;55(5):518-23. Abstract

71. Goldsmith LA, Bolognia JL, Callen JP, et al; American Academy of Dermatology. American Academy of Dermatology Consensus Conference on the safe and optimal use of isotretinoin: summary and recommendations. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004 Jun;50(6):900-6. Abstract

72. Goodfield MJ, Cox NH, Bowser A, et al. Advice on the safe introduction and continued use of isotretinoin in acne in the U.K. 2010. Br J Dermatol. 2010 Jun;162(6):1172-9.Full text  Abstract

73. Huang YC, Cheng, YC. Isotretinoin treatment for acne and risk of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017 Jun;76(6):1068-76;e9. Abstract

74. Li C, Chen J, Wang W, et al. Use of isotretinoin and risk of depression in patients with acne: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2019 Jan 21;9(1):e021549.Full text  Abstract

75. Bellomo R, Brunner M, Tadjally E. New formulations of isotretinoin for acne treatment: expanded options and clinical implications. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2021 Dec;14(12 suppl 1):S18-23.Full text  Abstract

76. Fan H, Gilbert R, O'Callaghan F, et al. Associations between macrolide antibiotics prescribing during pregnancy and adverse child outcomes in the UK: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2020 Feb 19;368:m331.Full text  Abstract

77. Arowojolu AO, Gallo MF, Lopez LM, et al. Combined oral contraceptive pills for treatment of acne. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Jul 11;(7):CD004425.Full text  Abstract

78. Barbaric J, Abbott R, Posadzki P, et al. Light therapies for acne. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Sep 27;9(9):CD007917.Full text  Abstract

79. Boen M, Brownell J, Patel P, et al. The role of photodynamic therapy in acne: an evidence-based review. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2017 Jun;18(3):311-21. Abstract

80. Ong MW, Bashir SJ. Fractional laser resurfacing for acne scars: a review. Br J Dermatol. 2012 Jun;166(6):1160-9. Abstract

81. Alexiades M, Kothare A, Goldberg D, et al. Novel 1726 nm laser demonstrates durable therapeutic outcomes and tolerability for moderate-to-severe acne across skin types. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2023 Oct;89(4):703-10. Abstract

82. Ansari F, Sadeghi-Ghyassi F, Yaaghoobian B. The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of fractional CO2 laser in acne scars and skin rejuvenation: a meta-analysis and economic evaluation. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2018 Aug;20(4):248-51. Abstract

83. Bhargava S, Cunha PR, Lee J, et al. Acne scarring management: systematic review and evaluation of the evidence. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2018 Aug;19(4):459-77. Abstract

84. Harris AG, Naidoo C, Murrell DF. Skin needling as a treatment for acne scarring: an up-to-date review of the literature. Int J Womens Dermatol. 2015 Apr 10;1(2):77-81.Full text  Abstract

85. Bonati LM, Epstein GK, Strugar TL. Microneedling in all skin types: a review. J Drugs Dermatol. 2017 Apr 1;16(4):308-13. Abstract

86. Alster TS, Graham PM. Microneedling: a review and practical guide. Dermatol Surg. 2018 Mar;44(3):397-404. Abstract

87. Ramaut L, Hoeksema H, Pirayesh A, et al. Microneedling: where do we stand now? A systematic review of the literature. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2018 Jan;71(1):1-14. Abstract

88. American Academy of Dermatology Association. Isotretinoin: the truth about side effects. Dec 2020 [internet publication].Full text