Empyema

Shen KR, Bribriesco A, Crabtree T, et al. The American Association for Thoracic Surgery consensus guidelines for the management of empyema. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2017 Jun;153(6):e129-46.Full text  Abstract

Maskell NA, Davies CW, Nunn AJ, et al. UK controlled trial of intrapleural streptokinase for pleural infection. N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 3;352(9):865-74.Full text  Abstract

Canadian Paediatric Society. Paediatric complicated pneumonia: diagnosis and management of empyema. Jan 2024 [internet publication].Full text

1. Colice GL, Curtis A, Deslauriers J, et al. Medical and surgical treatment of parapneumonic effusions: an evidence-based guideline. Chest. 2000 Oct;118(4):1158-71. [Erratum in: Chest. 2001;119:319.] Abstract

2. Light RW. A new classification of parapneumonic effusions and empyema. Chest. 1995 Aug;108(2):299-301.

3. Rahman NM, Davies RJO. Effusions from infections: parapneumonic effusion and empyema. In: Light RW, Lee YCG, eds. Textbook of Pleural Disease. 2nd ed. London: Hodder & Stoughton; 2008:341-66.

4. Brims FJ, Lansley SM, Waterer GW, et al. Empyema thoracis: new insights into an old disease. Eur Respir Rev. 2010 Sep;19(117):220-8.Full text  Abstract

5. Broulette J, Yu H, Pyenson B, et al. The incidence rate and economic burden of community-acquired pneumonia in a working-age population. Am Health Drug Benefits. 2013 Sep;6(8):494-503.Full text  Abstract

6. Giuliano KK, Baker D, Quinn B. The epidemiology of nonventilator hospital-acquired pneumonia in the United States. Am J Infect Control. 2018 Mar;46(3):322-7.Full text  Abstract

7. Sahn SA. Diagnosis and management of parapneumonic effusions and empyema. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Dec 1;45(11):1480-6.Full text  Abstract

8. Shen KR, Bribriesco A, Crabtree T, et al. The American Association for Thoracic Surgery consensus guidelines for the management of empyema. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2017 Jun;153(6):e129-46.Full text  Abstract

9. Roxburgh CS, Youngson GG. Childhood empyema in North-East Scotland over the past 15 years. Scott Med J. 2007 Nov;52(4):25-7. Abstract

10. Desrumaux A, Francois P, Pascal C, et al. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of childhood parapneumonic empyemas [in French]. Arch Pediatr. 2007 Nov;14(11):1298-303. Abstract

11. Munoz-Almagro C, Jordan I, Gene A, et al. Emergence of invasive pneumococcal disease caused by nonvaccine serotypes in the era of 7-valent conjugate vaccine. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Jan 15;46(2):174-82.Full text  Abstract

12. Finley C, Clifton J, Fitzgerald JM, et al. Empyema: an increasing concern in Canada. Can Respir J. 2008 Mar;15(2):85-9.Full text  Abstract

13. Farjah F, Symons RG, Krishnadasan B, et al. Management of pleural space infections: a population-based analysis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007 Feb;133(2):346-51.Full text  Abstract

14. Arnold DT, Hamilton FW, Morris TT, et al. Epidemiology of pleural empyema in English hospitals and the impact of influenza. Eur Respir J. 2021 Jun 17;57(6):2003546.Full text  Abstract

15. Hardie W, Bokulic R, Garcia VF, et al. Pneumococcal pleural empyemas in children. Clin Infect Dis. 1996 Jun;22(6):1057-63. Abstract

16. Rees JH, Spencer DA, Parikh D, et al. Increase in incidence of childhood empyema in West Midlands, UK. Lancet. 1997 Feb 8;349(9049):402. Abstract

17. Chalmers JD, Singanayagam A, Murray MP, et al. Risk factors for complicated parapneumonic effusion and empyema on presentation to hospital with community-acquired pneumonia. Thorax. 2009 Jul;64(7):592-7.Full text  Abstract

18. British Thoracic Society. BTS guideline for pleural disease. Jul 2023 [internet publication].Full text

19. Liese JG, Schoen C, van der Linden M, et al. Changes in the incidence and bacterial aetiology of paediatric parapneumonic pleural effusions/empyema in Germany, 2010-2017: a nationwide surveillance study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2019 Jul;25(7):857-64.Full text  Abstract

20. Kwon YS. Pleural infection and empyema. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul). 2014 Apr;76(4):160-2.Full text  Abstract

21. Feller-Kopman D, Light R. Pleural disease. N Engl J Med. 2018 Feb 22;378(8):740-51.

22. Scarci M, Abah U, Solli P, et al. EACTS expert consensus statement for surgical management of pleural empyema. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2015 Nov;48(5):642-53.Full text  Abstract

23. Maskell NA, Davies CW, Nunn AJ, et al. UK controlled trial of intrapleural streptokinase for pleural infection. N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 3;352(9):865-74.Full text  Abstract

24. Ferguson AD, Prescott RJ, Selkon JB, et al. The clinical course and management of thoracic empyema. QJM. 1996 Apr;89(4):285-9.Full text  Abstract

25. Rahman NM, Kahan BC, Miller RF, et al. A clinical score (RAPID) to identify those at risk for poor outcome at presentation in patients with pleural infection. Chest. 2014 Apr;145(4):848-55. Abstract

26. Canadian Paediatric Society. Paediatric complicated pneumonia: diagnosis and management of empyema. Jan 2024 [internet publication].Full text

27. Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand. Paediatric empyema thoracis: recommendations for management. 2011 [internet publication].Full text

28. Yang PC, Luh KT, Chang DB. et al. Value of sonography in determining the nature of pleural effusion: analysis of 320 cases. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1992 Jul;159(1):29-33.Full text  Abstract

29. Jones PW, Moyers JP, Rogers JT, et al. Ultrasound-guided thoracentesis: is it a safer method? Chest. 2003 Feb;123(2):418-23. Abstract

30. American College of Radiology; Society of Interventional Radiology; Society for Pediatric Radiology. Practice parameters: ACR-SIR-SPR practice parameter for specifications and performance of image-guided percutaneous drainage/aspiration of abscesses and fluid collections (PDAFC). 2023 [internet publication].Full text

31. Rahman NM, Mishra EK, Davies HE, et al. Clinically important factors influencing the diagnostic measurement of pleural fluid pH and glucose. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008 Sep 1;178(5):483-90.Full text  Abstract

32. Heffner JE, Brown LK, Barbieri C, et al. Pleural fluid chemical analysis in parapneumonic effusions. A meta-analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995 Jun;151(6):1700-8. Abstract

33. Kearney SE, Davies CW, Davies RJ, et al. Computed tomography and ultrasound in parapneumonic effusions and empyema. Clin Radiol. 2000 Jul;55(7):542-7. Abstract

34. Evans AL, Gleeson FV. Radiology in pleural disease: state of the art. Respirology. 2004 Aug;9(3):300-12.Full text  Abstract

35. Duysinx B, Nguyen D, Louis R, et al. Evaluation of pleural disease with 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging. Chest. 2004 Feb;125(2):489-93. Abstract

36. Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al. BTS guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.Full text

37. Bedawi EO, Stavroulias D, Hedley E, et al. Early video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery or intrapleural enzyme therapy in pleural infection: a feasibility randomized controlled trial. The Third Multicenter Intrapleural Sepsis Trial-MIST-3. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2023 Dec 15;208(12):1305-15.Full text  Abstract

38. Corcoran JP, Psallidas I, Gerry S, et al. Prospective validation of the RAPID clinical risk prediction score in adult patients with pleural infection: the PILOT study. Eur Respir J. 2020 Nov 26;56(5):2000130.Full text  Abstract

39. Redden MD, Chin TY, van Driel ML. Surgical versus non-surgical management for pleural empyema. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Mar 17;(3):CD010651.Full text  Abstract

40. Kesieme EB, Dongo A, Ezemba N, et al. Tube thoracostomy: complications and its management. Pulm Med. 2012;2012:256878.Full text  Abstract

41. Tattersall DJ, Traill ZC, Gleeson FV. Chest drains: does size matter? Clin Radiol. 2000 Jun;55(6):415-21. Abstract

42. Hallifax RJ, Psallidas I, Rahman NM. Chest drain size: the debate continues. Curr Pulmonol Rep. 2017;6(1):26-9.Full text  Abstract

43. Chaddha U, Agrawal A, Feller-Kopman D, et al. Use of fibrinolytics and deoxyribonuclease in adult patients with pleural empyema: a consensus statement. Lancet Respir Med. 2021 Sep;9(9):1050-64. Abstract

44. Janda S, Swiston J. Intrapleural fibrinolytic therapy for treatment of adult parapneumonic effusions and empyemas: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chest. 2012 Aug;142(2):401-11. Abstract

45. Altmann ES, Crossingham I, Wilson S, et al. Intra-pleural fibrinolytic therapy versus placebo, or a different fibrinolytic agent, in the treatment of adult parapneumonic effusions and empyema. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 30;2019(10):CD002312.Full text  Abstract

46. Bouros D, Tzouvelekis A, Antoniou KM, et al. Intrapleural fibrinolytic therapy for pleural infection. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2007;20(6):616-26. Abstract

47. Akulian J, Bedawi EO, Abbas H, et al. Bleeding risk with combination intrapleural fibrinolytic and enzyme therapy in pleural infection: an international, multicenter, retrospective cohort study. Chest. 2022 Dec;162(6):1384-92.Full text  Abstract

48. Davies HE, Rahman NM, Parker RJ, et al. Use of indwelling pleural catheters for chronic pleural infection. Chest. 2008 Feb;133(2):546-9. Abstract

49. Fysh ETH, Tremblay A, Feller-Kopman D, et al. Clinical outcomes of indwelling pleural catheter-related pleural infections: an international multicenter study. Chest. 2013 Nov;144(5):1597-602. Abstract

50. Paraskakis E, Vergadi E, Chatzimichael A, et al. Current evidence for the management of paediatric parapneumonic effusions. Curr Med Res Opin. 2012 Jul;28(7):1179-92. Abstract

51. Thomson AH, Hull J, Kumar MR, et al. Randomised trial of intrapleural urokinase in the treatment of childhood empyema. Thorax. 2002 Apr;57(4):343-7.Full text  Abstract

52. Marhuenda C, Barceló C, Fuentes I, et al. Urokinase versus VATS for treatment of empyema: a randomized multicenter clinical trial. Pediatrics. 2014 Nov;134(5):e1301-7.Full text  Abstract

53. St Peter SD, Tsao K, Harrison C, et al. Thoracoscopic decortication vs tube thoracostomy with fibrinolysis for empyema in children: a prospective, randomized trial. J Pediatr Surg. 2009 Jan;44(1):106-11;discussion 111.Full text  Abstract

54. British Thoracic Society. BTS Pleural disease guideline 2010. August 2010 [internet publication]. [This guideline has been archived by the British Thoracic Society. The BTS website states that guidelines that are more than 5 years old are marked as archived because their recommendations have not been checked to confirm continued validity at the date of archival. A BMJ Best Practice expert adviser has confirmed that these guidelines still reflect current practice in the UK.]Full text

55. National Patient Safety Agency. Rapid response report: risks of chest drain insertion. May 2008. http://www.nrls.npsa.nhs.uk/ (last accessed 26 October 2017).Full text

56. Akram AR, Hartung TK. Intercostal chest drains: a wake-up call from the National Patient Safety Agency rapid response report. J R Coll Physicians Edinb. 2009;39:117-120.Full text

57. American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma. Advanced trauma life support (ATLS) student course manual. 8th ed. Chicago, IL: American College of Surgeons; 2008.

58. Asciak R, Bedawi EO, Bhatnagar R, et al. British Thoracic Society Clinical Statement on pleural procedures. Thorax. 2023 Jul;78(suppl 3):s43-s68.Full text  Abstract

59. Nakitende D, Gottlieb M, Ruskis J, et al. Ultrasound for confirmation of thoracostomy tube placement by emergency medicine residents. Trauma (United Kingdom). 2015;19(1):35‐8.

60. Jenkins JA, Gharahbaghian L, Doniger SJ, et al. Sonographic identification of tube thoracostomy study (SITTS): confirmation of intrathoracic placement. West J Emerg Med. 2012 Sep;13(4):305-11.Full text  Abstract

61. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: radiologic management of infected fluid collections. 2019 [internet publication].Full text