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37. Singh JA, Reddy SG, Kundukulam J. Risk factors for gout and prevention: a systematic review of the literature. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2011;23:192-202. 摘要

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42. Dessein PH, Shipton EA, Stanwix AE, et al. Beneficial effects of weight loss associated with moderate calorie/carbohydrate restriction, and increased proportional intake of protein and unsaturated fat on serum urate and lipoprotein levels in gout: a pilot study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;59:539-543.全文  摘要

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46. MacFarlane LA, Liu CC, Solomon DH. The effect of initiating pharmacologic insulin on serum uric acid levels in patients with diabetes: a matched cohort analysis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2015 Apr;44(5):592-6.全文  摘要

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49. Li X, Li L, Xing Y, et al. Diabetes mellitus is associated with a lower risk of gout: a meta-analysis of observational studies. J Diabetes Res. 2020;2020:5470739.全文  摘要

50. Abhishek A, Courtney P, Jenkins W, et al. Brief report: monosodium urate monohydrate crystal deposits are common in asymptomatic sons of patients with gout: the Sons of Gout Study. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2018 Nov;70(11):1847-52.全文  摘要

51. Kuo CF, Grainge MJ, See LC, et al. Familial aggregation of gout and relative genetic and environmental contributions: a nationwide population study in Taiwan. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015 Feb;74(2):369-74.全文  摘要

52. Sivera F, Andrés M, Carmona L, et al. Multinational evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and management of gout: integrating systematic literature review and expert opinion of a broad panel of rheumatologists in the 3e initiative. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014 Feb;73(2):328-35.全文  摘要

53. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Gout: diagnosis and management. June 2022. [internet publication].全文

54. Wallace SL, Robinson H, Masi AT, et al. Preliminary criteria for the classification of the acute arthritis of primary gout. Arthritis Rheum. 1977;20:895-900. 摘要

55. Neogi T, Jansen TL, Dalbeth N, et al. 2015 gout classification criteria: an American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism collaborative initiative. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67:2557-2568.全文  摘要

56. Neogi T, Jansen TL, Dalbeth N, et al. 2015 gout classification criteria: an American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism collaborative initiative. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74:1789-1798.全文  摘要

57. Hainer BL, Matheson E, Wilkes RT. Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of gout. Am Fam Physician. 2014 Dec 15;90(12):831-6.全文  摘要

58. Qaseem A, McLean RM, Starkey M, et al. Diagnosis of acute gout: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2017 Jan 3;166(1):52-7.全文  摘要

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61. Zhang Q, Gao F, Sun W, et al. The diagnostic performance of musculoskeletal ultrasound in gout: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2018 Jul 6;13(7):e0199672.全文  摘要

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63. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: chronic extremity joint pain - suspected inflammatory arthritis. 2016 [internet publication].全文

64. Carotti M, Salaffi F, Filippucci E, et al. Clinical utility of dual energy computed tomography in gout: current concepts and applications. Acta Biomed. 2020 Jul 13;91(8-s):116-24.全文  摘要

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67. Yu Z, Mao T, Xu Y, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of dual-energy CT in gout: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Skeletal Radiol. 2018 Dec;47(12):1587-93. 摘要

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70. Rettenbacher T, Ennemoser S, Weirich H, et al. Diagnostic imaging of gout: comparison of high-resolution US versus conventional X-ray. Eur Radiol. 2008 Mar;18(3):621-30. 摘要

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81. FitzGerald JD, Dalbeth N, Mikuls T, et al. 2020 American College of Rheumatology guideline for the management of gout. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2020 Jun;72(6):744-60. 摘要

82. Billy CA, Lim RT, Ruospo M, et al. Corticosteroid or nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs for the treatment of acute gout: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Rheumatol. 2018 Jan;45(1):128-36.全文  摘要

83. Zhang X, Tang Y, Wang M, et al. The clinical efficacy of urate-lowering therapy in acute gout: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Rheumatol. 2021 Feb;40(2):701-10. 摘要

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85. van Durme CM, Wechalekar MD, Landewé RB, et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for acute gout. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Dec 9;12:CD010120.全文  摘要

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87. Curiel RV, Guzman NJ. Challenges associated with the management of gouty arthritis in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2012;42:166-178. 摘要

88. McKenzie BJ, Wechalekar MD, Johnston RV, et al. Colchicine for acute gout. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Aug 26;8:CD006190.全文  摘要

89. Stewart S, Yang KCK, Atkins K, et al. Adverse events during oral colchicine use: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Arthritis Res Ther. 2020 Feb 13;22(1):28.全文  摘要

90. Singer A, Grinshpun-Cohen J, Sagi-Dain L. Colchicine treatment increases the risk for fetal chromosomal aberrations - an observational study and systematic literature review. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2021 May 14;60(5):2342-7.全文  摘要

91. Janssen CA, Oude Voshaar MAH, Vonkeman HE, et al. Anakinra for the treatment of acute gout flares: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, active-comparator, non-inferiority trial. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2019 Jan 2 [Epub ahead of print].全文  摘要

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93. Schlesinger N, Alten RE, Bardin T, et al. Canakinumab for acute gouty arthritis in patients with limited treatment options: results from two randomised, multicentre, active-controlled, double-blind trials and their initial extensions. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71:1839-1848. 摘要

94. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA briefing document supplemental BLA 125319: Ilaris (canakinumab) for the following proposed indication: "ILARIS is indicated for the treatment of gouty arthritis attacks. ILARIS has also been shown to extend the time to the next attack and reduce the frequency of subsequent attacks."June 2011 [internet publication].

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96. Ebrahimpour-Koujan S, Saneei P, Larijani B, et al. Consumption of sugar sweetened beverages and dietary fructose in relation to risk of gout and hyperuricemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2020;60(1):1-10. 摘要

97. Moi JH, Sriranganathan MK, Edwards CJ, et al. Lifestyle interventions for chronic gout. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(5):CD010039.全文  摘要

98. Andrés M, Sivera F, Buchbinder R, et al. Dietary supplements for chronic gout. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Nov 12;11:CD010156.全文  摘要

99. Hill EM, Sky K, Sit M, et al. Does starting allopurinol prolong acute treated gout? A randomized clinical trial. J Clin Rheumatol. 2015 Apr;21(3):120-5. 摘要

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102. Yin R, Li L, Zhang G, et al. Rate of adherence to urate-lowering therapy among patients with gout: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2018 Apr 10;8(4):e017542.全文  摘要

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116. O'Dell JR, Brophy MT, Pillinger MH, et al. Comparative effectiveness of allopurinol and febuxostat in gout management. NEJM Evid. 2022 Mar;1(3):10.1056/evidoa2100028.全文  摘要

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118. Stevenson M, Pandor A. Febuxostat for the treatment of hyperuricaemia in people with gout: a single technology appraisal. Health Technol Assess. 2009;13(Suppl 3):37-42. 摘要

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