Urinary tract infections in women

European Association of Urology. EAU guidelines on urological infections. Mar 2023 [internet publication].Full text

Nicolle LE, Gupta K, Bradley SF, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the management of asymptomatic bacteriuria: 2019 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2019 Mar 21.Full text  Abstract

Bent S, Nallamothu BK, Simel DL, et al. Does this woman have an acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection? JAMA. 2002 May 22-29;287(20):2701-10. Abstract

Gupta K, Hooton TM, Naber KG, et al. International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: a 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Mar 1;52(5):e103-20.Full text  Abstract

1. European Association of Urology. EAU guidelines on urological infections. Mar 2023 [internet publication].Full text

2. Anger J, Lee U, Ackerman AL, et al. Recurrent uncomplicated urinary tract infections in women: AUA/CUA/SUFU guideline. J Urol. 2019 Aug;202(2):282-289.Full text  Abstract

3. Nicolle LE. The Paradigm Shift to Non-Treatment of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria. Pathogens. 2016 Apr 19;5(2). pii: E38.Full text  Abstract

4. Cortes-Penfield NW, Trautner BW, Jump RLP. Urinary tract infection and asymptomatic bacteriuria in older adults. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2017 Dec;31(4):673-88.Full text  Abstract

5. Zalmanovici Trestioreanu A, Lador A, Sauerbrun-Cutler MT, et al. Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Apr 8;(4):CD009534.Full text  Abstract

6. Nicolle LE, Gupta K, Bradley SF, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the management of asymptomatic bacteriuria: 2019 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2019 Mar 21.Full text  Abstract

7. Schappert SM. National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 1992 summary. Adv Data. 1994 Aug 18;(253):1-20.Full text  Abstract

8. Foxman B, Barlow R, D'Arcy H, et al. Urinary tract infection: self-reported incidence and associated costs. Ann Epidemiol. 2000 Nov;10(8):509-15. Abstract

9. Mabeck CE. Treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection in non-pregnant women. Postgrad Med J. 1972 Feb;48(556):69-75. Abstract

10. Ronald AR, Nicolle LE, Stamm E, et al. Urinary tract infection in adults: research priorities and strategies. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2001 Apr;17(4):343-8. Abstract

11. Stamm WE, Hooton TM. Management of urinary tract infections in adults. N Engl J Med. 1993 Oct 28;329(18):1328-34. Abstract

12. Nicolle LE. A practical guide to the management of complicated urinary tract infection. Drugs. 1997 Apr;53(4):583-92. Abstract

13. Concia E, Bragantini D, Mazzaferri F. Clinical evaluation of guidelines and therapeutic approaches in multi drug-resistant urinary tract infections. J Chemother. 2017 Dec;29(supl 1):19-28.Full text  Abstract

14. Bader MS, Loeb M, Brooks AA. An update on the management of urinary tract infections in the era of antimicrobial resistance. Postgrad Med. 2017 Mar;129(2):242-58. Abstract

15. Czaja CA, Hooton TM. Update on acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection in women. Postgrad Med. 2006 Jun-Jul;119(1):39-45. Abstract

16. Neu HC. Urinary tract infections. Am J Med. 1992 Apr 6;92(4A):63S-70S. Abstract

17. Safir MH, Schaeffer AJ. Urinary tract infection: simple and complicated. AUA Update series. 1997;16:10.

18. Flores-Mireles AL, Walker JN, Caparon M, et al. Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2015 May;13(5):269-84.Full text  Abstract

19. Raz R, Stamm WE. A controlled trial of intravaginal estriol in postmenopausal women with recurrent urinary tract infections. N Engl J Med. 1993 Sep 9;329(11):753-6. Abstract

20. Hooton TM. Epidemiology. In: Stanton SL, Dwyer PL, eds. Urinary tract infection in the female. London: Martin Dunitz Ltd; 2000.

21. Scholes D, Hooton TM, Roberts PL, et al. Risk factors for recurrent urinary tract infection in young women. J Infect Dis. 2000 Oct;182(4):1177-82.Full text  Abstract

22. Gupta K, Hillier SL, Hooton TM, et al. Effects of contraceptive method on the vaginal microbial flora: a prospective evaluation. J Infect Dis. 2000 Feb;181(2):595-601. Abstract

23. Eschenbach DA, Patton DL, Hooton TM, et al. Effects of vaginal intercourse with and without a condom on vaginal flora and vaginal epithelium. J Infect Dis. 2001 Mar 15;183(6):913-8. Abstract

24. Fihn SD, Boyko EJ, Chen CL, et al. Use of spermicide-coated condoms and other risk factors for urinary tract infection caused by Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Arch Intern Med. 1998 Feb 9;158(3):281-7. Abstract

25. Stamm WE, Raz R. Factors contributing to susceptibility of postmenopausal women to recurrent urinary tract infections. Clin Infect Dis. 1999 Apr;28(4):723-5. Abstract

26. Cardozo L, Lose G, McClish D, et al. A systematic review of estrogens for recurrent urinary tract infections: third report of the hormones and urogenital therapy (HUT) committee. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2001;12(1):15-20. Abstract

27. Perrotta C, Aznar M, Mejia R, et al. Oestrogens for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Apr 16;(2):CD005131.Full text  Abstract

28. Trinkaus M, Chin S, Wolfman W, et al. Should urogenital atrophy in breast cancer survivors be treated with topical estrogens? Oncologist. 2008 Mar;13(3):222-31.Full text  Abstract

29. Hu KK, Boyko EJ, Scholes D, et al. Risk factors for urinary tract infections in postmenopausal women. Arch Intern Med. 2004 May 10;164(9):989-93.Full text  Abstract

30. Hooton TM, Scholes D, Hughes JP, et al. A prospective study of risk factors for symptomatic urinary tract infection in young women. N Engl J Med. 1996 Aug 15;335(7):468-74. Abstract

31. Jackson SL, Boyko EJ, Scholes D, et al. Predictors of urinary tract infection after menopause: a prospective study. Am J Med. 2004 Dec 15;117(12):903-11. Abstract

32. Hooton TM, Stamm WE. The vaginal flora and UTIs: molecular pathogenesis and clinical management. Washington, DC: ASM Press; 1996:67-94.

33. Smith HS, Hughes JP, Hooton TM, et al. Antecedent antimicrobial use increases the risk of uncomplicated cystitis in young women. Clin Infect Dis. 1997 Jul;25(1):63-8. Abstract

34. Bent S, Nallamothu BK, Simel DL, et al. Does this woman have an acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection? JAMA. 2002 May 22-29;287(20):2701-10. Abstract

35. Car J. Urinary tract infections in women: diagnosis and management in primary care. BMJ. 2006 Jan 14;332(7533):94-7. Abstract

36. Wagenlehner FM, Weidner W, Naber KG. An update on uncomplicated urinary tract infections in women. Curr Opin Urol. 2009Jul;19(4):368-74. Abstract

37. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Urinary tract infections in adults. June 2015 [internet publication].Full text

38. Public Health England. Guidance for primary care on diagnosing and understanding culture results for urinary tract infection (UTI). November 2018 [internet publication].Full text

39. Little P, Turner S, Rumsby K, et al. Developing clinical rules to predict urinary tract infection in primary care settings: sensitivity and specificity of near patient tests (dipsticks) and clinical scores. Br J Gen Pract. 2006 Aug;56(529):606-12.Full text  Abstract

40. Little P, Turner S, Rumsby K, et al. Dipsticks and diagnostic algorithms in urinary tract infection: development and validation, randomised trial, economic analysis, observational cohort and qualitative study. Health Technol Assess. 2009 Mar;13(19):iii-iv, ix-xi, 1-73.Full text  Abstract

41. Hooton TM, Stamm WE. Diagnosis and treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1997 Sep;11(3):551-81. Abstract

42. Wilson ML, Gaido L. Laboratory diagnosis of urinary tract infections in adult patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Apr 15;38(8):1150-8.Full text  Abstract

43. Schmiemann G, Kniehl E, Gebhardt K, et al. The diagnosis of urinary tract infection: a systematic review. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2010 May 28;107(21):361-7.Full text  Abstract

44. Browne RF, Zwirewich C, Torreggiani WC. Imaging of urinary tract infection in the adult. Eur Radiol. 2004 Mar;14 (suppl 3):E168-83. Abstract

45. Köves B, Cai T, Veeratterapillay R, et al. Benefits and harms of treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria: a systematic review and meta-analysis by the European Association of Urology Urological Infection Guidelines Panel. Eur Urol. 2017 Dec;72(6):865-8.Full text  Abstract

46. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Urinary tract infections in pregnant individuals. Obstet Gynecol. 2023 Aug 1;142(2):435-45.Full text  Abstract

47. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: acute pyelonephritis. 2022 [internet publication].Full text

48. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: recurrent lower urinary tract infections in women. 2020 [internet publication].Full text

49. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria: Hematuria. 2019 [internet publication].Full text

50. Epp A, Larochelle A. No. 250-recurrent urinary tract infection. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2017 Oct;39(10):e422-31. Abstract

51. Zalmanovici TA, Green H, Paul M, et al. Antimicrobial agents for treating uncomplicated urinary tract infection in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Oct 6;(10):CD007182.Full text  Abstract

52. Gupta K, Hooton TM, Naber KG, et al. International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: a 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Mar 1;52(5):e103-20.Full text  Abstract

53. Dawson-Hahn EE, Mickan S, Onakpoya I, et al. Short-course versus long-course oral antibiotic treatment for infections treated in outpatient settings: a review of systematic reviews. Fam Pract. 2017 Sep 1;34(5):511-9.Full text  Abstract

54. Huttner A, Kowalczyk A, Turjeman A, et al. Effect of 5-day nitrofurantoin vs single-dose fosfomycin on clinical resolution of uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection in women: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018 May 1;319(17):1781-9.Full text  Abstract

55. Tamma PD, Aitken SL, Bonomo RA, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America 2023 guidance on the treatment of antimicrobial resistant gram-negative infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2023 Jul 18:ciad428.Full text  Abstract

56. O'Brien KA, Zhang J, Mauldin PD, et al. Impact of a stewardship-initiated restriction on empirical use of ciprofloxacin on nonsusceptibility of Escherichia coli urinary isolates to ciprofloxacin. Pharmacotherapy. 2015 May;35(5):464-9. Abstract

57. US Food and Drug Administration. Fluoroquinolone antibacterial drugs: drug safety communication - FDA advises restricting use for certain uncomplicated infections. July 2016 [internet publication].Full text

58. Gágyor I, Bleidorn J, Kochen MM, et al. Ibuprofen versus fosfomycin for uncomplicated urinary tract infection in women: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2015 Dec 23;351:h6544.Full text  Abstract

59. Kronenberg A, Bütikofer L, Odutayo A, et al. Symptomatic treatment of uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections in the ambulatory setting: randomised, double blind trial. BMJ. 2017 Nov 7;359:j4784.Full text  Abstract

60. Brown KA, Khanafer N, Daneman N, et al. Meta-analysis of antibiotics and the risk of community-associated Clostridium difficile infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013 May;57(5):2326-32.Full text  Abstract

61. van Nieuwkoop C, van der Starre WE, Stalenhoef JE, et al. Treatment duration of febrile urinary tract infection: a pragmatic randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled non-inferiority trial in men and women. BMC Med. 2017 Apr 3;15(1):70.Full text  Abstract

62. Bader MS, Hawboldt J, Brooks A. Management of complicated urinary tract infections in the era of antimicrobial resistance. Postgrad Med. 2010 Nov;122(6):7-15. Abstract

63. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Nitrofurantoin: reminder of the risks of pulmonary and hepatic adverse drug reactions. Apr 2023 [internet publication].Full text

64. Ward K, Theiler RN. Once-daily dosing of gentamicin in obstetrics and gynecology. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2008;51(3):498-506.Full text  Abstract

65. Lee M, Bozzo P, Einarson A, et al. Urinary tract infections in pregnancy. Can Fam Physician. 2008;54(6):853-4.Full text  Abstract

66. Committee on Obstetric Practice. Committee opinion no. 717: sulfonamides, nitrofurantoin, and risk of birth defects. Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Sep;130(3):e150-52. Abstract

67. Damiano R, Quarto G, Bava I, et al. Prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections by intravesical administration of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulphate: a placebo-controlled randomised trial. Eur Urol. 2011 Apr;59(4):645-51. Abstract

68. Ahmed H, Davies F, Francis N, et al. Long-term antibiotics for prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ Open. 2017 May 29;7(5):e015233.Full text  Abstract

69. Gupta K, Sahm DF, Mayfield D, et al. Antimicrobial resistance among uropathogens that cause community-acquired urinary tract infections in women: a nationwide analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2001 Jul 1;33(1):89-94. Abstract

70. Gupta K, Hooton TM, Roberts PL, et al. Patient-initiated treatment of uncomplicated recurrent urinary tract infections in young women. Ann Intern Med. 2001 Jul 3;135(1):9-16. Abstract

71. Stapleton AE. The vaginal microbiota and urinary tract infection. Microbiol Spectr. 2016 Dec;4(6):.Full text  Abstract

72. Dueñas-Garcia OF, Sullivan G, Hall CD, et al. Pharmacological agents to decrease new episodes of recurrent lower urinary tract infections in postmenopausal women. A systematic review. Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg. 2016 Mar-Apr;22(2):63-9. Abstract

73. European Medicines Agency. Four-week limit for use of high-strength estradiol creams. October 2019 [internet publication].Full text

74. Hickling DR, Nitti VW. Management of recurrent urinary tract infections in healthy adult women. Rev Urol. 2013;15(2):41-8.Full text  Abstract

75. Castanheira M, Huband MD, Mendes RE, et al. Meropenem-vaborbactam tested against contemporary Gram-negative isolates collected worldwide during 2014, including carbapenem-resistant, KPC-producing, multidrug-resistant, and extensively drug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017 Aug 24; 61: e00567-17. Abstract

76. Cox G, Ejim L, Stogios PJ, et al. Plazomicin retains antibiotic activity against most aminoglycoside modifying enzymes. ACS Infect Dis. 2018 Jun 8;4(6):980-7. Abstract

77. Wagenlehner FME, Cloutier DJ, Komirenko AS, et al. Once-daily plazomicin for complicated urinary tract infections. N Engl J Med. 2019 Feb 21;380(8):729-40.Full text  Abstract

78. Stapleton A. Novel approaches to prevention of urinary tract infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2003 Jun;17(2):457-71. Abstract

79. Cruz F, Dambros M, Naber KG, et al. Recurrent urinary tract infections: Uro-Vaxom, a new alternative. Eur Urol Suppl. 2009;8(9):762-8.

80. Huttner A, Hatz C, van den Dobbelsteen G, et al. Safety, immunogenicity, and preliminary clinical efficacy of a vaccine against extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli in women with a history of recurrent urinary tract infection: a randomised, single-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1b trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017 May;17(5):528-37. Abstract

81. Yang B, Foley S. First experience in the UK of treating women with recurrent urinary tract infections with the bacterial vaccine Uromune®. BJU Int. 2018 Feb;121(2):289-92. Abstract

82. Abad CL, Safdar N. The role of lactobacillus probiotics in the treatment or prevention of urogenital infections - a systematic review. J Chemother. 2009 Jun;21(3):243-52. Abstract

83. Beerepoot MA, ter Riet G, Nys S, et al. Lactobacilli vs antibiotics to prevent urinary tract infections: a randomized, double-blind, noninferiority trial in postmenopausal women. Arch Intern Med. 2012 May 14;172(9):704-12. Abstract

84. Reid G, Bruce AW, Taylor M. Influence of three-day antimicrobial therapy and lactobacillus vaginal suppositories on recurrence of urinary tract infections. Clin Ther. 1992 Jan-Feb;14(1):11-6. Abstract

85. Baerheim A, Larsen E, Digranes A. Vaginal application of lactobacilli in the prophylaxis of recurrent lower urinary tract infection in women. Scand J Prim Health Care. 1994 Dec;12(4):239-43. Abstract

86. Domenici L, Monti M, Bracchi C, et al. D-mannose: a promising support for acute urinary tract infections in women. A pilot study. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2016 Jul;20(13):2920-5.Full text  Abstract

87. Kranjčec B, Papeš D, Altarac S. D-mannose powder for prophylaxis of recurrent urinary tract infections in women: a randomized clinical trial. World J Urol. 2014 Feb;32(1):79-84. Abstract

88. Bonkat G, Cai T, Veeratterapillay R, et al. Management of urosepsis in 2018. Eur Urol Focus. 2018 Nov 15;5(1):5-9.Full text  Abstract

89. Coelho RF, Schneider-Monteiro ED, Mesquita JL, et al. Renal and perinephric abscesses: analysis of 65 consecutive cases. World J Surg. 2007 Feb;31(2):431-6. Abstract

90. Avorn J, Monane M, Gurwitz JH, et al. Reduction of bacteriuria and pyuria after ingestion of cranberry juice. JAMA. 1994 Mar 9;271(10):751-4. Abstract

91. Nicolle LE. Urinary tract infection in long-term-care facility residents. Clin Infect Dis. 2000 Sep;31(3):757-61. Abstract

92. Miller JL, Krieger JN. Urinary tract infections: cranberry juice, underwear, and probiotics in the 21st century. Urol Clin North Am. 2002 Aug;29(3):695-9. Abstract

93. Williams G, Hahn D, Stephens JH, et al. Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Apr 17;4(4):CD001321. Abstract

94. Wang CH, Fang CC, Chen NC, et al. Cranberry-containing products for prevention of urinary tract infections in susceptible populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 2012 Jul 9;172(13):988-96.Full text  Abstract

95. Occhipinti A, Germano A, Maffei ME. Prevention of urinary tract infection with Oximacro, a cranberry extract with a high content of A-type proanthocyanidins: a pre-clinical double-blind controlled study. Urol J. 2016 Apr 16;13(2):2640-9. Abstract

96. Foxman B, Cronenwett AE, Spino C, et al. Cranberry juice capsules and urinary tract infection after surgery: results of a randomized trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Aug;213(2):194.e1-8.Full text  Abstract

97. Maki KC, Kaspar KL, Khoo C, et al. Consumption of a cranberry juice beverage lowered the number of clinical urinary tract infection episodes in women with a recent history of urinary tract infection. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016 Jun;103(6):1434-42. Abstract