Reported in 25% to 95% of confirmed cases that required hospitalization.[8]Assiri A, Al-Tawfiq JA, Al-Rabeeah AA, et al. Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13:752-761.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23891402?tool=bestpractice.com
[26]Omrani AS, Saad MM, Baig K, et al. Ribavirin and interferon alfa-2a for severe Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14:1090-1095.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25278221?tool=bestpractice.com
[33]Al-Abdallat MM, Payne DC, Alqasrawi S, et al. Hospital-associated outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a serologic, epidemiologic, and clinical description. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59:1225-1233.
https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/59/9/1225/419021/Hospital-Associated-Outbreak-of-Middle-East
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24829216?tool=bestpractice.com
Median time to invasive mechanical ventilation was 7 days in a cohort of 47 patients.[8]Assiri A, Al-Tawfiq JA, Al-Rabeeah AA, et al. Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13:752-761.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23891402?tool=bestpractice.com
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation has been used in some cases; however, efficacy has not been confirmed.[26]Omrani AS, Saad MM, Baig K, et al. Ribavirin and interferon alfa-2a for severe Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14:1090-1095.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25278221?tool=bestpractice.com
[81]Arabi YM, Arifi AA, Balkhy HH, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160:389-397.
http://annals.org/aim/article/1817260/clinical-course-outcomes-critically-ill-patients-middle-east-respiratory-syndrome
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24474051?tool=bestpractice.com
Risk factors include age ≥50 years, diabetes mellitus, end-stage renal disease, and obesity.[5]Shalhoub S, Farahat F, Al-Jiffri A, et al. IFN-alpha-2a or IFN-beta-1a in combination with ribavirin to treat Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus pneumonia: a retrospective study. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70:2129-2132.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25900158?tool=bestpractice.com
[8]Assiri A, Al-Tawfiq JA, Al-Rabeeah AA, et al. Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13:752-761.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23891402?tool=bestpractice.com
[9]Al-Tawfiq JA, Hinedi K, Ghandour J, et al. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a case-control study of hospitalized patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59:160-165.
https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/59/2/160/2895452/Middle-East-Respiratory-Syndrome-Coronavirus-A
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24723278?tool=bestpractice.com
[26]Omrani AS, Saad MM, Baig K, et al. Ribavirin and interferon alfa-2a for severe Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14:1090-1095.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25278221?tool=bestpractice.com
Acute respiratory failure |