Summary

• Proteinuria or haematuria, and/or a reduction in the GFR for more than 3 months' duration.
• The most common causes are diabetes mellitus and hypertension.
• The majority of people are asymptomatic, and the diagnosis is determined only by laboratory studies.
• Glycaemic control for diabetic nephropathy and optimisation of BP are key in slowing the progression of disease.
• Increased risk for cardiovascular disease.