Summary

• Clinical syndrome of reduced cardiac output, tissue hypoperfusion, increased pulmonary pressure, and tissue congestion.
• Presents with dyspnoea, decreased exercise tolerance, swelling of the legs, fatigue, and generalised weakness.
• Clinical diagnosis is supported by ancillary tests such as echocardiogram (ECG), chest x-ray (CXR), and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP).
• Diuretics and oxygen are initial treatments for symptom relief. Cardiogenic shock may require pressor support or mechanical ventilation.
• If acute myocardial infarction (MI) is present, early revascularisation is essential.