An anteroposterior (AP) x-ray view of the shoulder should be taken with internal and external humeral rotation. [30]

These should be accompanied by axillary lateral and/or scapular Y views to confirm diagnosis. Each of these x-ray views is 92% sensitive for acute shoulder dislocation.

On a scapular Y view, the humeral head lies anteriorly to the Y in anterior dislocations, and posteriorly to the Y in posterior dislocations. View image In standard AP views, the humeral head rests anteroinferiorly to the coracoid in anterior dislocations. View image However, in posterior dislocations, the humerus can appear to be reduced. View image Therefore, axillary or scapular Y views are essential for accurate diagnosis, as up to 79% of posterior shoulder dislocations are initially misdiagnosed. View image Axillary views can correctly identify posterior dislocations in 100% of patients when combined with AP views of the shoulder. [32] [33]

An axillary oblique or modified axillary (Velpeau or West Point) view may also be used to confirm diagnosis.

A possible fracture of the proximal humerus should be excluded, as attempts at reduction could further displace this fracture.

Imaging is usually not necessary in the acute management of simple finger dislocations.

However, anteroposterior, oblique, and lateral views of the affected joint are mandatory in evaluating a hand injury to exclude fracture and/or dislocation.

X-rays should be closely inspected for associated fractures and avulsions, which may indicate ligament or tendon damage.

Anteroposterior and lateral views of the knee are required. However, it is not uncommon for patella dislocations to reduce spontaneously during examination or following leg extension.

Dislocation can be confirmed on a Merchant or sunrise (infra-patellar) view, which demonstrates the medial facet of the patella resting on the lateral trochlea of the femur.

Images should also be inspected closely for evidence of osteochondral lesions.

Provides excellent visualisation of soft tissue anatomy and should be ordered if any associated injuries are suspected.

Useful in evaluating concomitant knee injuries including ligamentous and osteochondral lesions.

Provides excellent visualisation of soft tissue anatomy and should be ordered if any associated injuries are suspected.

Can be useful to exclude concomitant rotator cuff tears, which are not uncommon.

Can further delineate fractures (e.g., of the radial head and coronoid process) if plain film radiography is insufficient to confirm diagnosis.